From: Pregnancy loss and role of infant HIV status on perinatal mortality among HIV-infected women
 | No. | Neonatal mortality | Early mortality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Mortality rate (n) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | Mortality rate (n) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
Infant Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 592 | 0.042 (24) | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | 0.067 (37) | 1.18 (0.73–1.92) |
Female | 537 | 0.042 (22) | Â | 0.056 (29) | Â |
Gestation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Preterm | 182 | 0.111 (19) | 3.87 (2.15–6.95) | 0.137(23) | 3.03 (1.83–5.03) |
Term | 932 | 0.030 (27) | Â | 0.049 (43) | Â |
Birth weight, g | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<2500 | 161 | 0.169 (26) | 8.85 (4.89–15.99) | 0.239 (36) | 8.69 (5.30–14.24) |
≥2500 | 963 | 0.020 (19) |  | 0.031 (28) |  |
APGAR score at 5 min | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<7 | 17 | 0.647 (11) | 42.78 (20.89–87.59) | 0.718 (12) | 34.17 (17.78–65.66) |
≥7 | 995 | 0.027 (26) |  | 0.045 (42) |  |
APGAR score at 1 min | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<7 | 30 | 0.580 (17) | 43.32 (22.78–82.39) | 0.627 (18) | 31.06 (17.55–55.00) |
≥7 | 989 | 0.023 (22) |  | 0.041 (38) |  |
Mode of delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C–section | 35 | 0.205 (7) | 6.12 (2.74–13.66) | 0.239 (8) | 5.00 (2.39–10.46) |
Vaginal | 1096 | 0.038 (40) | Â | 0.057 (59) | Â |
Maternal Health Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CD4 cells/mm 3 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<350 | 616 | 0.052 (31) | 1.62 (0.89–2.96) | 0.084 (49) | 2.28 (1.33–3.92) |
≥350 | 513 | 0.032 (16) |  | 0.037 (18) |  |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<10 | 334 | 0.062 (20) | 1.76 (0.99–3.14) | 0.089 (28) | 1.71 (1.05–2.78) |
≥10 | 782 | 0.036 (27) |  | 0.053 (39) |  |
Plasma viral load, copies/ml | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≥50,000 | 510 | 0.055 (27) | 1.66 (0.93–2.95) | 0.085 (41) | 1.95 (1.19–3.18) |
<50,000 | 617 | 0.034 (20) | Â | 0.045 (26) | Â |
Clinical stage | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Symptomatic | 434 | 0.047 (20) | 1.16 (0.65–2.07) | 0.070 (29) | 1.20 (0.74–1.95) |
Asymptomatic | 698 | 0.040 (27) | Â | 0.058 (38) | Â |
>30 days of diarrhea in the 6 months prior to enrollment | |||||
Yes | 8 | 0.286 (2) | 7.18 (1.74–29.60) | 0.286 (2) | 5.21 (1.28–21.28) |
No | 1124 | 0.041 (45) | Â | 0.061 (65) | Â |
History of tuberculosis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 107 | 0.113 (12) | 3.32 (1.72–6.39) | 0.133 (14) | 2.55 (1.41–4.59) |
No | 1025 | 0.035 (35) | Â | 0.055 (53) | Â |
BMI, kg/m 2 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<18.5 | 151 | 0.027 (4) | 2.84 (0.85–9.42) | 0.061 (9) | 2.86 (1.29–6.37) |
≥18.5 | 858 | 0.009 (8) |  | 0.022 (18) |  |
Maternal death before infant’s death |  |  |  |  |  |
Yes | 18 | 0.056 (1) | 1.28 (0.18–9.25) | 0.278 (5) | 4.85 (1.96–12.07) |
No | 1114 | 0.043 (46) | Â | 0.059 (62) | Â |
Maternal death <70 days | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 18 | 0.282 (5) | 7.95 (3.14–20.09) | 0.521 (9) | 11.47 (5.68–23.18) |
No | 1114 | 0.039 (42) | Â | 0.055 (58) | Â |
Stopped breastfeeding <70 days | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 36 | 0.112 (4) | 2.75 (0.99–7.66) | 0.260 (9) | 4.75 (2.35–9.58) |
No | 1096 | 0.041 (43) | Â | 0.056 (58) | Â |
Socioeconomic and Clinical Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age, year | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<20 | 103 | 0.080 (8) | 2.29 (1.05–4.99) | 0.104 (10) | 2.02 (1.02–4.02) |
20–30 | 828 | 0.038 (30) | 1.0 | 0.056 (44) | 1.0 |
>30 | 201 | 0.046 (9) | 1.24 (0.59–2.60) | 0.067 (13) | 1.21 (0.65–2.24) |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Some (0–8th grade level) | 708 | 0.040 (27) | 0.81 (0.46–1.45) | 0.061 (40) | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) |
HS grade (≥9th grade level) | 424 | 0.049 (20) |  | 0.066 (27) |  |
Electricity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 676 | 0.043 (28) | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | 0.068 (43) | 1.22 (0.74–2.00) |
Yes | 456 | 0.043 (19) | Â | 0.055 (24) | Â |
Food run out at least 1 day in last month | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 247 | 0.033 (8) | 0.72 (0.34–1.54) | 0.060 (14) | 0.93 (0.51–1.67) |
No | 884 | 0.046 (39) | Â | 0.064 (53) | Â |
# of children (<5 aged) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2+ | 163 | 0.032 (5) | 0.71 (0.28–1.79) | 0.046 (7) | 0.69 (0.31–1.50) |
0 –1 | 969 | 0.045 (42) |  | 0.066 (60) |  |
# of children (5–16 aged) |  |  |  |  |  |
2+ | 360 | 0.026 (9) | 0.49 (0.24–1.02) | 0.037 (13) | 0.49 (0.27–0.90) |
0 –1 | 772 | 0.051 (38) |  | 0.075 (54) |  |