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Table 4 Risk factors for neonatal mortality (<28 days) and early mortality (<70 days) among 1132 live-born infants a

From: Pregnancy loss and role of infant HIV status on perinatal mortality among HIV-infected women

 

No.

Neonatal mortality

Early mortality

  

Mortality rate (n)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Mortality rate (n)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Infant Factors

     

Sex

     

Male

592

0.042 (24)

1.00 (0.56–1.79)

0.067 (37)

1.18 (0.73–1.92)

Female

537

0.042 (22)

 

0.056 (29)

 

Gestation

     

Preterm

182

0.111 (19)

3.87 (2.15–6.95)

0.137(23)

3.03 (1.83–5.03)

Term

932

0.030 (27)

 

0.049 (43)

 

Birth weight, g

     

<2500

161

0.169 (26)

8.85 (4.89–15.99)

0.239 (36)

8.69 (5.30–14.24)

≥2500

963

0.020 (19)

 

0.031 (28)

 

APGAR score at 5 min

     

<7

17

0.647 (11)

42.78 (20.89–87.59)

0.718 (12)

34.17 (17.78–65.66)

≥7

995

0.027 (26)

 

0.045 (42)

 

APGAR score at 1 min

     

<7

30

0.580 (17)

43.32 (22.78–82.39)

0.627 (18)

31.06 (17.55–55.00)

≥7

989

0.023 (22)

 

0.041 (38)

 

Mode of delivery

     

C–section

35

0.205 (7)

6.12 (2.74–13.66)

0.239 (8)

5.00 (2.39–10.46)

Vaginal

1096

0.038 (40)

 

0.057 (59)

 

Maternal Health Factors

     

CD4 cells/mm 3

     

<350

616

0.052 (31)

1.62 (0.89–2.96)

0.084 (49)

2.28 (1.33–3.92)

≥350

513

0.032 (16)

 

0.037 (18)

 

Hemoglobin, g/dl

     

<10

334

0.062 (20)

1.76 (0.99–3.14)

0.089 (28)

1.71 (1.05–2.78)

≥10

782

0.036 (27)

 

0.053 (39)

 

Plasma viral load, copies/ml

     

≥50,000

510

0.055 (27)

1.66 (0.93–2.95)

0.085 (41)

1.95 (1.19–3.18)

<50,000

617

0.034 (20)

 

0.045 (26)

 

Clinical stage

     

Symptomatic

434

0.047 (20)

1.16 (0.65–2.07)

0.070 (29)

1.20 (0.74–1.95)

Asymptomatic

698

0.040 (27)

 

0.058 (38)

 

>30 days of diarrhea in the 6 months prior to enrollment

Yes

8

0.286 (2)

7.18 (1.74–29.60)

0.286 (2)

5.21 (1.28–21.28)

No

1124

0.041 (45)

 

0.061 (65)

 

History of tuberculosis

     

Yes

107

0.113 (12)

3.32 (1.72–6.39)

0.133 (14)

2.55 (1.41–4.59)

No

1025

0.035 (35)

 

0.055 (53)

 

BMI, kg/m 2

     

<18.5

151

0.027 (4)

2.84 (0.85–9.42)

0.061 (9)

2.86 (1.29–6.37)

≥18.5

858

0.009 (8)

 

0.022 (18)

 

Maternal death before infant’s death

     

Yes

18

0.056 (1)

1.28 (0.18–9.25)

0.278 (5)

4.85 (1.96–12.07)

No

1114

0.043 (46)

 

0.059 (62)

 

Maternal death <70 days

     

Yes

18

0.282 (5)

7.95 (3.14–20.09)

0.521 (9)

11.47 (5.68–23.18)

No

1114

0.039 (42)

 

0.055 (58)

 

Stopped breastfeeding <70 days

     

Yes

36

0.112 (4)

2.75 (0.99–7.66)

0.260 (9)

4.75 (2.35–9.58)

No

1096

0.041 (43)

 

0.056 (58)

 

Socioeconomic and Clinical Factors

     

Age, year

     

<20

103

0.080 (8)

2.29 (1.05–4.99)

0.104 (10)

2.02 (1.02–4.02)

20–30

828

0.038 (30)

1.0

0.056 (44)

1.0

>30

201

0.046 (9)

1.24 (0.59–2.60)

0.067 (13)

1.21 (0.65–2.24)

Education

     

Some (0–8th grade level)

708

0.040 (27)

0.81 (0.46–1.45)

0.061 (40)

0.90 (0.55–1.47)

HS grade (≥9th grade level)

424

0.049 (20)

 

0.066 (27)

 

Electricity

     

No

676

0.043 (28)

1.00 (0.56–1.79)

0.068 (43)

1.22 (0.74–2.00)

Yes

456

0.043 (19)

 

0.055 (24)

 

Food run out at least 1 day in last month

     

Yes

247

0.033 (8)

0.72 (0.34–1.54)

0.060 (14)

0.93 (0.51–1.67)

No

884

0.046 (39)

 

0.064 (53)

 

# of children (<5 aged)

     

2+

163

0.032 (5)

0.71 (0.28–1.79)

0.046 (7)

0.69 (0.31–1.50)

0 –1

969

0.045 (42)

 

0.066 (60)

 

# of children (5–16 aged)

     

2+

360

0.026 (9)

0.49 (0.24–1.02)

0.037 (13)

0.49 (0.27–0.90)

0 –1

772

0.051 (38)

 

0.075 (54)

 
  1. a All analyses are unadjusted.