Factor | Category | Total N [%]# | MDD n [%] | p value | MMF n [%] | p value | MAD n [%] | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s age at pregnancy (n= 698) | 0.061 | 0.525 | 0.014 | |||||
(in years) | ||||||||
15–19 | 78 [11.2] | 22 [28.2] | 57 [73.1] | 21 [26.9] | ||||
20–29 | 479 [68.6] | 159 [33.2] | 371 [77.5] | 141 [29.4] | ||||
30–34 | 83 [11.9] | 16 [19.3] | 60 [72.3] | 11 [13.3] | ||||
>=35 | 58 [8.3] | 15 [25.9] | 47 [81.0] | 12 [20.7] | ||||
Place of residence (n=698) | 0.004 | 0.690 | 0.025 | |||||
Urban | 138 [19.8] | 56 [40.6] | 104 [75.4] | 47 [34.1] | ||||
Rural | 560 [80.2] | 156 [27.9] | 431 [77.0] | 138 [24.6] | ||||
Development region (n=698) | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.007 | |||||
Eastern | 165 [23.6] | 62 [37.6] | 142 [86.1] | 55 [33.3] | ||||
Central | 157 [22.5] | 41 [26.1] | 116 [73.9] | 35 [22.3] | ||||
Western | 100 [14.3] | 36 [36.0] | 79 [79.0] | 30 [30.0] | ||||
Mid -western | 167 [23.9] | 34 [20.4] | 117 [70.1] | 30 [18.0] | ||||
Far-western | 109 [15.6] | 39 [35.8] | 81 [74.3] | 35 [32.1] | ||||
Ecological region (n=698) | 0.097 | 0.006 | 0.030 | |||||
Mountain | 137 [19.6] | 41 [29.9] | 105 [76.6] | 33 [24.1] | ||||
Hill | 283 [40.5] | 98 [34.6] | 233 [82.3] | 90 [31.8] | ||||
Terai/Plain | 278 [39.8] | 73 [26.3] | 197 [70.9] | 62 [22.3] | ||||
Mother’s education (n=698) | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | |||||
No education | 288 [41.3] | 46 [16.0] | 203 [70.5] | 40 [13.9] | ||||
Primary | 131 [18.8] | 31 [23.7] | 100 [76.3] | 25 [19.1] | ||||
Secondary | 236 [33.8] | 11 [47.0] | 195 [82.6] | 100 [42.4] | ||||
Higher | 43 [6.2] | 24 [55.8] | 37 [86.0] | 20 [46.5] | ||||
Father’s education (n=698) | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||
No education | 135 [19.3] | 11 [8.1] | 91 [67.4] | 9 [6.7] | ||||
Primary | 155 [22.2] | 33[21.3] | 112 [72.3] | 26 [16.8] | ||||
Secondary | 334 [47.9] | 13[39.2] | 275 [82.3] | 118 [35.3] | ||||
Higher | 74 [10.6] | 37[50.0] | 57 [77.0] | 32 [43.2] | ||||
Mother’s occupation (n= 698) | <0.001 | 0.592 | 0.002 | |||||
Not working | 197 [28.2] | 56 [28.4] | 146 [74.1] | 50 [25.4] | ||||
Agriculture | 412 [59.0] | 113[27.4] | 319 [77.4] | 98 [23.8] | ||||
Working (paid) | 89 [12.8] | 43 [48.3] | 70 [78.7] | 37 [41.6] | ||||
Father’s occupation (n=698) | 0.132 | 0.039 | 0.065 | |||||
Agriculture | 186 [26.6] | 46 [24.7] | 134 [72.0] | 38 [20.4] | ||||
Non agriculture | 499 [71.5] | 161[32.3] | 388 [77.8] | 142 [28.5] | ||||
Others | 13 [1.9] | 5 [38.5] | 13 [100] | 5 [38.5] | ||||
Ethnicity (n=698) | 0.002 | 0.998 | 0.020 | |||||
Relatively advantaged | 324 [46.4] | 120 [37.0] | 248 [76.5] | 102 [31.5] | ||||
Relatively disadvantaged (Janjati) | 241 [34.5] | 61 [25.3] | 185 [76.8] | 55 [22.8] | ||||
Relatively disadvantaged (Dalit) | 133 [19.1] | 31 [23.3] | 102 [76.7] | 28 [21.1] | ||||
Religion (n=698) | 0.035 | 0.575 | 0.090 | |||||
Hindu | 592 [84.8] | 189 [31.9] | 456 [77.0] | 164 [27.7] | ||||
Others | 106 [15.2] | 23 [21.7] | 79 [74.5] | 21 [19.8] | ||||
Sex of child (n=698) | 0.163 | 0.900 | 0. 155 | |||||
Male | 331 [47.4] | 109 [32.9] | 253 [76.4] | 96 [29.0] | ||||
Female | 367 [52.6] | 103 [28.1] | 282 [76.8] | 89 [24.3] | ||||
Sex of household head (n=698) | 0.697 | 0.018 | 0.972 | |||||
Male | 520 [74.5] | 160 [30.8] | 387 [74.4] | 138 [26.5] | ||||
Female | 178 [25.5] | 52 [29.2] | 148 [83.1] | 47 [26.4] | ||||
Wealth index (n= 698) | <0.001 | 0.341 | <0.001 | |||||
Poorest | 205 [29.4] | 37 [18.0] | 156 [76.1] | 34 [16.6] | ||||
Poor | 139 [19.9] | 36 [25.9] | 102 [73.4] | 29 [20.9] | ||||
Middle | 131 [18.8] | 36 [27.5] | 96 [73.3] | 31 [23.7] | ||||
Richer | 124 [17.8] | 55 [44.4] | 99 [79.8] | 51 [41.1] | ||||
Richest | 99 [14.2] | 48 [48.5] | 82 [82.8] | 40 [40.4] | ||||
Type of cooking fuel (n=698) | <0.001 | 0.022 | <0.001 | |||||
Relatively non polluting | 103 [14.8] | 54 [52.4] | 88 [85.4] | 47 [45.6] | ||||
Relatively highly polluting | 595 [85.2] | 158 [26.6] | 447 [75.1] | 138 [23.2] |