Country (year of study) | Sex | Percentage stunted by household asset index quintile | p-value for test of trend | Percentage stunted by mothers education status | p-value for test of trend | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Nil | Primary | Secondary | ||||
Zimbabwe (1999) | M | 33.1 | 28.4 | 27.3 | 24.2 | 24.3 | 0.007 | 31.0 | 31.9 | 22.7 | 0.001 |
F | 30.6 | 28.9 | 23.7 | 23.8 | 14.5 | 0.001 | 36.9 | 25.9 | 21.7 | 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.49 | 0.90 | 0.46 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 0.67 | |||
Zambia (2001/02)b | M | 57.0 | 51.5 | 47.9 | 34.1 | < 0.001 | 53.8 | 52.4 | 36.1 | < 0.001 | |
F | 52.0 | 46.2 | 44.5 | 36.1 | < 0.001 | 52.2 | 47.5 | 35.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.64 | < 0.01 | 0.95 | ||||
Zambia (1996) | M | 49.0 | 51.9 | 47.0 | 43.5 | 28.3 | < 0.001 | 50.0 | 46.5 | 33.4 | < 0.001 |
F | 54.1 | 52.4 | 44.3 | 39.3 | 25.2 | < 0.001 | 51.1 | 45.4 | 30.9 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.20 | 0.83 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 0.37 | |||
Uganda (2000/01) | M | 46.9 | 45.9 | 44.0 | 30.8 | 26.7 | < 0.001 | 46.7 | 39.4 | 26.7 | < 0.001 |
F | 44.2 | 41.1 | 39.5 | 33.1 | 22.5 | < 0.001 | 46.7 | 34.9 | 25.7 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.38 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.99 | < 0.01 | 0.77 | |||
Uganda (1995/6) | M | 44.7 | 44.9 | 42.2 | 35.9 | 21.6 | < 0.001 | 44.6 | 38.9 | 23.2 | < 0.001 |
F | 42.1 | 38.1 | 32.4 | 35.8 | 16.9 | < 0.001 | 41.6 | 32.9 | 19.3 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.40 | 0.04 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.30 | < 0.01 | 0.21 | |||
Tanzania (1999) | M | 54.7 | 47.3 | 37.8 | 36.9 | 22.6 | < 0.001 | 44.9 | 42.4 | 19.7 | < 0.001 |
F | 53.1 | 41.9 | 44.9 | 32.6 | 19.0 | < 0.001 | 47.0 | 38.1 | 19.9 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.67 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.59 | 0.09 | 0.98 | |||
Tanzania (1996)b | M | 56.2 | 47.2 | 45.5 | 29.6 | < 0.001 | 52.9 | 44.3 | 31.0 | < 0.001 | |
F | 50.5 | 44.0 | 40.7 | 30.5 | < 0.001 | 48.1 | 41.7 | 24.2 | < 0.001 | ||
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.22 | ||||
Nigeria (2003) | M | 52.4 | 51.8 | 42.8 | 33.1 | 24.1 | < 0.001 | 52.7 | 39.6 | 21.6 | < 0.001 |
F | 44.2 | 44.0 | 36.2 | 33.7 | 19.6 | < 0.001 | 45.9 | 32.1 | 19.6 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.11 | < 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.38 | |||
Nigeria (1999) | M | 58.2 | 54.4 | 47.2 | 46.8 | 41.1 | 0.002 | 57.4 | 43.2 | 43.4 | 0.002 |
F | 52.4 | 53.6 | 44.4 | 34.8 | 36.2 | 0.001 | 55.2 | 36.6 | 34.6 | 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.41 | 0.88 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.68 | 0.17 | 0.04 | |||
Namibia (2000) | M | 30.7 | 23.0 | 23.8 | 20.7 | 13.9 | < 0.001 | 29.8 | 26.7 | 17.0 | < 0.001 |
F | 31.4 | 24.3 | 17.2 | 20.3 | 10.3 | < 0.001 | 30.7 | 24.3 | 14.4 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 0.89 | 0.19 | 0.84 | 0.38 | 0.20 | |||
Malawi (2000) | M | 57.0 | 56.2 | 48.8 | 48.2 | 34.6 | < 0.001 | 53.7 | 48.3 | 28.7 | < 0.001 |
F | 53.2 | 48.9 | 47.1 | 46.4 | 34.0 | < 0.001 | 52.2 | 45.1 | 26.7 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.78 | 0.44 | < 0.01 | 0.57 | |||
Kenya (2003) | M | 39.6 | 35.7 | 34.4 | 25.8 | 24.0 | < 0.001 | 36.2 | 35.7 | 20.8 | < 0.005 |
F | 35.2 | 29.3 | 29.1 | 24.1 | 11.5 | < 0.001 | 31.8 | 29.8 | 13.7 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.17 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |||
Kenya (1998) | M | 46.0 | 42.3 | 28.2 | 31.7 | 25.5 | < 0.001 | 44.5 | 37.2 | 24.0 | < 0.001 |
F | 37.0 | 35.9 | 25.3 | 27.9 | 15.3 | < 0.001 | 42.9 | 30.9 | 16.0 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.76 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |||
Ghana (2003) | M | 39.2 | 40.6 | 29.7 | 36.0 | 20.7 | < 0.001 | 41.0 | 29.1 | 25.1 | < 0.001 |
F | 36.3 | 33.3 | 24.1 | 31.0 | 15.4 | < 0.001 | 36.3 | 20.8 | 21.8 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.12 | |||
Ghana (1998) | M | 37.8 | 35.1 | 39.4 | 28.9 | 13.8 | < 0.001 | 35.8 | 32.8 | 22.2 | < 0.001 |
F | 34.4 | 27.0 | 27.5 | 25.2 | 12.2 | < 0.001 | 31.9 | 24.5 | 18.2 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.12 | |||
Cameroon (1998) | M | 38.2 | 35.5 | 36.5 | 25.6 | 14.9 | < 0.001 | 41.3 | 28.3 | 20.7 | < 0.001 |
F | 32.0 | 32.6 | 22.5 | 18.9 | 18.2 | < 0.001 | 35.0 | 24.4 | 17.6 | < 0.001 | |
Pearson χ 2 test | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.37 |