From: Trends in neonatal mortality in Nigeria and effects of bio-demographic and maternal characteristics
Factors | Model 1-2008 | Model II-2008 | Model III-2013 | Model IV-1990 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI |
Socio-economic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Region | Model 1A | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
North West | 1.68 | 1.42 - 1.98* | 1.36 | 1.01 - 1.82* | 0.92 | 0.63-1.34 | 1.18 | 0.86 - 1.61 |
North East | 1.60 | 1.35 - 1.90* | 1.30 | 0.97 - 1.76 | 0.74 | 0.50-1.09 | 0.71 | 0.48 - 1.05 |
North Central | 1.32 | 1.11 - 1.57* | 1.15 | 0.86 - 1.24 | 0.69 | 0.47-1.05 | 0.80 | 0.55 - 1.18 |
South East | 1.74 | 1.44 - 2.11* | 1.41 | 1.01 - 1.95* | 0.98 | 0.66-1.45 | 1.03 | 0.74 - 1.44 |
South South | 1.38 | 1.14 - 1.67* | 1.00 | 0.72 - 1.41 | 0.66 | 0.42-1.03 | 0.55 | 0.37 - 0.84* |
South West (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Urban Residence | 0.77 | 0.70 - 0.85* | 0.76 | 0.63 - 0.92* | 0.73 | 0.57-0.93* | 0.98 | 0.78 - 1.24 |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Primary | - | - | 1.03 | 0.85 - 1.24 | 1.28 | 1.01-1.63* | 1.10 | 0.86 - 1.41 |
Secondary and higher | 0.80 | 0.71 - 0.89* | 1.03 | 0.82 - 1.30 | 0.98 | 0.72-1.35 | 0.90 | 0.59 - 1.38 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Currently married/in union | 0.75 | 0.63 - 0.89* | 0.52 | 0.39 - 0.68* | 0.59 | 0.38-0.91* | 0.75 | 0.49 - 1.14 |
Improved drinking water source | 0.89 | 0.82 - 0.96* | 0.94 | 0.81 - 1.08 | 1.16 | 0.97-1.38 | - | - |
Improved toilet facility | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Healthcare characteristics | Model 1B | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Antenatal care | 0.70 | 0.61 - 0.81* | 0.80 | 0.67 - 0.97* | 0.59 | 0.47-0.74* | 0.76 | 0.61 - 0.95* |
Skilled delivery | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
TT injection in pregnancy | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
CS- delivery | 2.38 | 1.63 - 3.48* | 1.73 | 1.03 - 2.93* | 3.57 | 2.19-5.82* | 1.69 | 0.93 - 3.08 |
Delivery at health facility | 0.87 | 0.73 - 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.85 - 1.29 | 1.17 | 0.88-1.54 | 0.69 | 0.53 - 0.90* |
Bio-demographic factors | Model 1 C | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Male vs Female | 1.15 | 1.05 - 1.25* | 1.16 | 1.01 - 1.32* | 1.35 | 1.14-1.60* | 1.13 | 0.96 - 1.34 |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1 | - | Â | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 and 3 (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
4+ | 1.28 | 1.16 - 1.41* | 1.11 | 0.94 - 1.30 | 1.03 | 0.83-1.27 | 1.22 | 0.98 - 1.55 |
Size of baby at birth | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Large (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Average | 1.09 | 0.99 - 1.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Small | 1.70 | 1.53 - 1.89* | 1.36 | 1.15 - 1.60* | 2.49 | 2.06-3.03* | 1.72 | 1.39 - 2.14* |
Birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 24 months | 1.90 | 1.75 - 2.07* | 1.83 | 1.59 - 2.11* | 2.02 | 1.69-2.41* | 1.67 | 1.41 - 1.98* |
>=24 months and above (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Maternal age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 20 years | 1.75 | 1.50 - 2.04* | 1.48 | 1.13 - 1.93* | 1.25 | 0.87-1.79 | 1.06 | 0.76 - 1.47 |
20 - 35 years (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
36 years and above | 1.16 | 1.04 - 1.30* | 1.54 | 1.31 - 1.80* | 1.40 | 1.12-1.75* | 1.23 | 0.98 - 1.55 |