Table 6 Single studies on spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defect
From: Prediction of spontaneous closure of isolated ventricular septal defects in utero and postnatal life
First Author | Place(Years) | Number | Starting point | Follow up | Classification | Classification of VSD | Spontaneous closure No.(%) | Influencing Factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moe [6] | Washington, USA (1987) | 222 | after birth | 12Â m | VSD | perimembranous 66 (65%), muscular 32 (32%), subpulmonic 3 (3%). | 101 (48%) | location |
Hornberger [7] | California,USA (1989) | 66 | 6Â m | 40Â m | VSD with CHF | perimembranous 45, muscular 19, supracristal 2 | 12 (18%) | size |
Trowitzsch [8] | Datteln, Germany (1990) | 169 | <4 w | 29Â m | Â | perimembraneous 35 (20.1%), muscular125 (71.8%), malalignment 12 (6.9%), subpulmonary 2 (1.1%) | 70 (42.6%) | location |
|  |  |  | 4w ~ 1y |  |  | perimembraneous 32 (33.6%), muscular 57 (60%), malalignment 6 (6.3%) |  |  |
Frontera [9] | Valencia,Spain (1992) | 882 | >1y | 9.5y | Â | according toQp/Qs | 275 (40.2%) | Qp/Qs |
Ramaciotti [10], | Pennsylvania,USA (1995) | 125 | 2.4Â m | 32Â m | Muscular VSD | midmuscular 55 (44%), apical 31 (25%), anterior 33 (26%), and posterior 6 (5%) | 30 (31%) | Â |
Roguin [11], | Nahariya, Israel (1995) | 56 | 6–170 h | 10 m | Muscular VSD |  | 40 (88.9%) | a delayed normal process |
Du [12], | Nahariya, Israel (1996) | 9/159 | 2–120 h | 10 m | Muscular VSD preterm neonate |  | 8 (87.5%) |  |
Shirali [13], | Texas,USA (1995) | 149 | <6Â m | 28Â m | Â | periembranous 100 (68.9%) muscular 49 (33.7%) canal-type 5 (3.4%) conal-septal 2 (1.8%) | 46 (31%) | size and location |
Krovetz [14] | Florida,USA (1997) | 692 | 7 h–23y | 3 ~ 18y |  |  | 490 (70.8%) |  |
Turner [15] | Newcastle,UK (1999) | 68 | 2d–42 m | 76 m |  | small 49, moderate 14, large 5. | 35.0% | location |
Paladini [16] | Naples,Italy (2000) | 68 | 24.8w | 1y | Isolated VSD | Perimembranous inlet 22 (32.4%),outlet 19 (27.9%); muscular 7 (10.3%), malalignment 16 (23.5%) | In utero: 46.1%, postnatal : 23.1% not close: 30% | size and location |
Gabriel [17], | Vienna, Austria (2002) | 222 | 20.8y | 7.4y | Â | perimembranous 194 (84.8%), trabecular 30 (13.1%), outlet infracristal 4 (1.7%), inlet 1 (0.4%). | 14 (6%) | Qp/Qs |
Miyake [18] | Osakasayama, Japan (2004) | 225 | 30d ~ 3 m | 6y |  | perimembranous159 (70%) muscular 35 (16%) subpulmonary 31 (14%), | 107 (48%) | location |
Atalay [19] | Ankara, Turkey (2005) | 42 | <6 m | 2 ~ 10y | Small Apical Muscular VSD |  | 24 (57.1%) | neonatal period |
Fliedner [20] | Bonn, Germany (2006) | 146 | 23.4w | 1y | Isolated VSD | perimembranous 15 (10.3%) muscular 131 (89.7%): trabecular 116 (79.5%), outlet 12 (8.2%), inlet 3 (2%). | in utero: 32.7%, postnatal: 44.3% not close: 23.0% | location |
Abbag [39] | Saudi Arabia (2006) | 86 | 14Â m | 66.3Â m | Â | perimembranous 67.4%, muscular 19.8%, inlet 7% subarterial 5.8%. | 16.30% | age, size |
Atik [21] | São Paulo Brazil (2008) | 155 | 8d | 1–18Y | Small VSD | perimembranous 68 (36.3%) muscular 119 (63.6%) | 48 (75%) | location |
Miyake [22], | Osaka, Japan (2008) | 48 | 2y | 17.8y | Perimembranous VSD | according to Qp/Qs | 11 (23%) | Qp/Qs |
Chang [23] | Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2010) | 66 | Â | 1y | MuscularVSD | midmuscular 37, apical 24, anterior 5 | 54 (81.8%) | Â |
Jin [24] | Shandong, China (2012) | 96 | 24 ~ 40w | 3y |  | Perimembranous 14, Muscular 52 | in utero: 3%, postnatal: 83.3% not close: 3.9% | size and location |
Sun [25] | Shanghai, China (2014) | 1873 | 1 ~ 6y | 23.8 m | Perimembranous VSD |  | 343 (18.3%) | Age diamete, Diffuse shunt flow, aneurysmal tissue |
Erol [26] | Istanbul, Turkey (2014) | 76 | 23.1w | 1y | Muscular VSD | Â | in utero: 6.8%, postnatal: 75%, not close: 18.2% | size |
Xu [27] | Changchun, China (2015) | 425 | 1d ~ 6 m | 5y |  | Perimembranous313 (73.65%) muscular 53 (12.47%) subarterial 39 (9.18%) mixed-type 20 (4.70%). | 93 (21.8%) | size, location, Qp/Qs, membranous septal aneurysm |