Skip to main content

Table 8 Candidates’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour-Related Self-Efficacy, Total Sample and by Frequency of Course Content

From: Exploring the physical activity and screen-viewing-related knowledge, training, and self-efficacy of early childhood education candidates

Item

Total Sample

No Courses

1+ Courses

Mean Rank

Mann-Whitney U

z

Adj. p†

M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

No courses

1+ Courses

Self-Efficacy to Promote Physical Activity

Ensure children are engaging in adequate light physical activity

7.93

2.04

7.82

2.12

8.15

1.84

333.60

357.55

47,801.00

−1.53

.25

Ensure children are engaging in adequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity

7.37

2.20

7.19

2.30

7.73

1.95

326.53

369.32

44,441.00

−2.70

.04*

Create an environment that encourages active play

8.43

1.77

8.33

1.83

8.65

1.60

326.80

359.14

45,461.00

−2.11

.14

Make good use of the environment and available equipment for play and physical activity

8.32

1.82

8.20

1.94

8.60

1.51

326.63

357.93

45,508.50

−2.03

.13

Create opportunities for outdoor risky play (e.g., tree climbing, less ‘hovering’ on the playground, balancing activities)

7.26

2.46

7.25

2.53

7.34

2.26

339.35

336.76

50,008.50

−.16

.87

Self-Efficacy to Teach Physical Activity

Model appropriate physical activity/movement behaviours

8.27

1.86

8.17

1.94

8.52

1.64

329.44

361.60

46,027.00

−2.07

.23

Lead activities to improve children’s fitness development (e.g., cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, & coordination)

7.71

2.17

7.64

2.22

7.87

2.06

332.93

351.37

47,863.50

−1.17

.72

Teach about the relationship between physical activity and health

7.66

2.11

7.62

2.17

7.79

1.97

335.55

346.07

48,936.50

−.67

.51

Teach locomotor skills, traveling actions (jump, gallop, hop)

8.29

1.94

8.19

2.06

8.54

1.65

330.46

353.28

46,991.50

−1.48

.69

Teach play skills (bike riding, sliding, swinging, climbing)

8.02

2.10

7.93

2.23

8.26

1.82

333.06

352.64

47,803.00

−1.25

.84

Teach rhythm skills

7.73

2.16

7.65

2.23

7.92

1.99

330.54

348.75

47,025.50

−1.16

.49

Use a variety of methods that encourage physical activity

8.11

1.94

7.98

2.01

8.39

1.76

325.36

363.62

44,685.00

−2.46

.10

Self-Efficacy to Overcome Barriers to Physical Activity

Facilitate active play for young children in a limited space

7.96

2.00

7.85

2.10

8.23

1.74

327.87

354.00

46,065.50

−1.68

.09

Lead outdoor active play opportunities even if I am tired

7.98

2.00

7.85

2.11

8.24

1.76

324.62

355.91

44,975.00

−2.02

.13

Lead active play opportunities in challenging weather climates (e.g., rain, snow, extreme heat)

7.24

2.44

7.11

2.55

7.58

2.15

328.14

357.99

45,940.00

−1.89

.12

Self-Efficacy to Minimize Screen Viewing

Limit the amount of screen time children in my class engage in to less than 40 min per day (*2/3 of the daily recommendation)

8.21

2.41

8.20

2.39

8.36

2.38

331.33

346.60

42,530.00

−.962

.34

Minimize the use of screens as a reward for good behaviour

7.96

2.54

7.92

2.60

8.19

2.50

330.36

351.04

41,900.00

−1.29

.39

  1. Note. M = mean; SD standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U comparisons were between those with (1+ Courses) and without (No Courses) physical activity/screen viewing courses. ‘Adj.’ = Adjusted; †The Holm-Bonferroni Method was applied to adjust the p-values for each set of multiple comparisons. *p < .05