From: The association between antibiotics in the first year of life and child growth trajectory
 | Total Sample n = 586 | No antibiotics n = 355 | 1–2 antibiotics n = 198 | 3+ antibiotics n = 33 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years; mean ± SD) | 30.95 (±5.12) | 30.95 (±5.07) | 31.08 (±5.22) | 30.24 (±5.08) | 0.69 |
Gestational weight gain (kg; mean ± SD) | 13.58 (±5.96) | 13.49 (±5.70) | 13.81 (±6.05) | 13.10 (±8.02) | 0.75 |
Pre-pregnancy WeightStatusa: (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Normal weight | 48.63 | 49.01 | 48.99 | 42.42 | 0.73 |
 Overweight | 27.82 | 27.61 | 28.28 | 27.27 |  |
 Obese | 23.55 | 23.38 | 22.73 | 30.30 |  |
White vs. Other (%) | 91.64 | 90.99 | 91.41 | 100.00 | 0.20 |
Married vs. Single (%) | 88.57 | 89.01 | 86.87 | 93.94 | 0.46 |
Income (≥$40,000) (%) | 68.77 | 69.58 | 65.66 | 78.79 | 0.28 |
Education (≥ college grad) (%) | 55.46 | 57.75 | 48.99 | 69.70 | 0.03 |
Smoked during pregnancy (%) | 5.12 | 3.94 | 6.57 | 9.09 | 0.23 |
Gestational Diabetes Mellitusb (%) | 9.04 | 9.30 | 9.09 | 6.06 | 0.82 |
Exclusive Breast Feeding ×  4 mos (%) | 30.21 | 32.85 | 25.51 | 30.30 | 0.20 |
Vaginal Delivery (%) | 69.97 | 70.42 | 69.70 | 66.67 | 0.90 |
Infant: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex: Male (%) | 48.89 | 49.15 | 50.00 | 39.39 | 0.52 |
OW/OBc at 72 months (%) | 11.09 | 8.17 | 14.65 | 21.21 | 0.01 |
Antibiotic Course: (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 0 | 60.58 |  |  |  |  |
 1–2 | 33.79 |  |  |  |  |
 3+ | 5.63 |  |  |  |  |
Birth weight (kg; mean ± SD) | 3.50 (±0.46) | 3.49 (±0.45) | 3.51 (±0.48) | 3.48 (±0.44) | 0.78 |
WL z-score (mean ± SD): |  |  |  |  |  |
 0 mos | − 0.46 (±1.34) | − 0.43 (±1.35) | − 0.54 (±1.32) | − 0.27 (±1.31) | 0.48 |
 2 mos | 0.02 (±1.52) | − 0.07 (±1.43) | 0.15 (±1.68) | 0.38 (±1.37) | 0.15 |
 4 mos | 0.02 (±1.50) | − 0.08(±1.47) | 0.12 (±1.54) | 0.48 (±1.53) | 0.10 |
 6 mos | 0.17 (±1.64) | − 0.02 (±1.59) | 0.43 (±1.68) | 0.79 (±1.59) | < 0.01 |
 12 mos | 0.11 (±1.58) | − 0.01 (±1.57) | 0.32 (±1.59) | 0.27 (±1.65) | 0.11 |
BMI z-score (mean ± SD): 72 mos | 0.31 (±1.23) | 0.24 (±1.15) | 0.37 (±1.30) | 0.67 (±1.55) | 0.14 |