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Table 1 Sample Characteristics of children and mothers stratified by antibiotic dose categories (n = 586)

From: The association between antibiotics in the first year of life and child growth trajectory

 

Total Sample n = 586

No antibiotics n = 355

1–2 antibiotics n = 198

3+ antibiotics n = 33

p-value

Mother:

     

Age (years; mean ± SD)

30.95 (±5.12)

30.95 (±5.07)

31.08 (±5.22)

30.24 (±5.08)

0.69

Gestational weight gain (kg; mean ± SD)

13.58 (±5.96)

13.49 (±5.70)

13.81 (±6.05)

13.10 (±8.02)

0.75

Pre-pregnancy WeightStatusa: (%)

     

 Normal weight

48.63

49.01

48.99

42.42

0.73

 Overweight

27.82

27.61

28.28

27.27

 

 Obese

23.55

23.38

22.73

30.30

 

White vs. Other (%)

91.64

90.99

91.41

100.00

0.20

Married vs. Single (%)

88.57

89.01

86.87

93.94

0.46

Income (≥$40,000) (%)

68.77

69.58

65.66

78.79

0.28

Education (≥ college grad) (%)

55.46

57.75

48.99

69.70

0.03

Smoked during pregnancy (%)

5.12

3.94

6.57

9.09

0.23

Gestational Diabetes Mellitusb (%)

9.04

9.30

9.09

6.06

0.82

Exclusive Breast Feeding ×  4 mos (%)

30.21

32.85

25.51

30.30

0.20

Vaginal Delivery (%)

69.97

70.42

69.70

66.67

0.90

Infant:

     

Sex: Male (%)

48.89

49.15

50.00

39.39

0.52

OW/OBc at 72 months (%)

11.09

8.17

14.65

21.21

0.01

Antibiotic Course: (%)

     

 0

60.58

    

 1–2

33.79

    

 3+

5.63

    

Birth weight (kg; mean ± SD)

3.50 (±0.46)

3.49 (±0.45)

3.51 (±0.48)

3.48 (±0.44)

0.78

WL z-score (mean ± SD):

     

 0 mos

− 0.46 (±1.34)

− 0.43 (±1.35)

− 0.54 (±1.32)

− 0.27 (±1.31)

0.48

 2 mos

0.02 (±1.52)

− 0.07 (±1.43)

0.15 (±1.68)

0.38 (±1.37)

0.15

 4 mos

0.02 (±1.50)

− 0.08(±1.47)

0.12 (±1.54)

0.48 (±1.53)

0.10

 6 mos

0.17 (±1.64)

− 0.02 (±1.59)

0.43 (±1.68)

0.79 (±1.59)

< 0.01

 12 mos

0.11 (±1.58)

− 0.01 (±1.57)

0.32 (±1.59)

0.27 (±1.65)

0.11

BMI z-score (mean ± SD): 72 mos

0.31 (±1.23)

0.24 (±1.15)

0.37 (±1.30)

0.67 (±1.55)

0.14

  1. a Maternal pre-pregnancy weight status was classified by the following definitions: normal weight = 18.5–24.99, overweight = 25–29.99, obese ≥30 (mean = 36.03, S.D. 5.40)
  2. b Maternal diabetes was defined as self-report of gestational diabetes, juvenile onset diabetes, or adult onset diabetes during or prior to pregnancy
  3. WL z-score = Weight-for-length z-score
  4. BMI z-score = Body Mass Index z-score
  5. cOW/OB = Overweight/Obese; Children were identified as being OW/OB if they had a BMI z-score ≥ 1.64