Table 8 Results of the linear mixed modelling analysis for the modified behavioural Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates-subscale and heart rate

Likelihood Ratio Test

χ ²

df

p -value

Phases

864.18

10

< 0.001

Fixed effects

Estimated coefficients

Std. Error

t -value

Intercept

0.265

0.458

0.579

Baseline phase

−1.041

0.069

−15.008

Recovery phase

−1.134

0.069

−16.040

Measurement point 2

− 0.130

0.070

−1.852

Measurement point 3

0.079

0.074

1.077

Measurement point 4

− 0.078

0.076

−1.038

Measurement point 5

0.097

0.079

1.238

GA at time of birth

0.063

0.012

5.488

Gender (female)

−0.017

0.101

−0.170

Measurement point 2 * Baseline

0.251

0.099

2.538

Measurement point 2 * Recovery

0.309

0.098

3.140

Measurement point 3 * Baseline

0.147

0.104

1.419

Measurement point 3 * Recovery

0.071

0.103

0.682

Measurement point 4 * Baseline

0.308

0.106

2.919

Measurement point 4 * Recovery

0.354

0.105

3.359

Measurement point 5 * Baseline

0.062

0.109

0.569

Measurement point 5 * Recovery

0.067

0.109

0.614

Likelihood Ratio Test

χ ²

df

p -value

Phases

172.91

5

< 0.001

Fixed effects

Estimated coefficients

Std. Error

t -values

Intercept

−0.563

0.221

−2.547

Recovery phase

−0.646

0.088

−7.383

Measurement point 2

0.023

0.089

0.260

Measurement point 3

−0.199

0.093

−2.139

Measurement point 4

−0.141

0.095

−1.477

Measurement point 5

0.117

0.099

1.183

GA at time of birth

0.042

0.007

6.145

Gender (female)

0.003

0.054

0.051

Measurement point 2 * Recovery

0.021

0.126

0.167

Measurement point 3 * Recovery

0.206

0.131

1.578

Measurement point 4 * Recovery

0.155

0.133

1.160

Measurement point 5 * Recovery

−0.032

0.138

−0.231