Table 2 Subgroup analysis on the characteristics of children with COVID-19
Characteristics | Wuhan | Outside Wuhan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (95% CI) | I2 | p-value | R (95% CI) | I2 | p-value | |
Demographic information | ||||||
 Male | 43.5(17.3–71.6) | 69% | 0.04 | 54.8(53.2–56.5) | 49% | < 0.01 |
Age | ||||||
 < 1y | 38.7(0.0–96.5) | 94% | < 0.01 | 9.4(4.1–16.1) | 91% | < 0.01 |
 1-4y | 31.8(0.0–1.0) | 93% | < 0.01 | 8.8(7.7–9.9) | 48% | 0.01 |
 5-9y | 3.5(0.0–22.8) | 35% | 0.22 | 24.5(18.8–30.5) | 69% | < 0.01 |
 10-14y | 0.0(0.0–12.4) | 0% | 0.90 | 23.3(21.8–24.8) | 31% | 0.09 |
 15-19y | 0.0(0.0–12.4) | 0% | 0.00 | 8.7(3.3–15.7) | 90% | < 0.01 |
 Comorbidities | 0.0(0.0–1.6) | 0% | 0.80 | 12.6(3.5–25.4) | 92% | < 0.01 |
Severity of illness | ||||||
 Mild & Common | – | NA | NA | 1.0(99.1–1.0) | 0% | 0.99 |
 Severe | – | NA | NA | 0.0(0.0–0.6) | 0% | 1.00 |
 Critical | – | NA | NA | 0.0(0.0–0.5) | 0% | 1.00 |
Epidemiology | ||||||
 Linkage to Wuhan | 96.4(70.4–1.0) | 78% | 0.01 | 29.7 (21.0–39.0) | 54% | < 0.01 |
 Family cluster | 92.5(87.6–0.965) | 0% | 0.33 | 79.2(68.0–88.8) | 83% | < 0.01 |
Clinical manifestations | ||||||
 Asymptomatic | 19.1(13.0–25.9) | 17% | 0.30 | 19.9(12.2–28.6) | 86% | < 0.01 |
 Fever | 67.0(25.9–97.8) | 83% | < 0.01 | 51.6(42.5–60.7) | 87% | < 0.01 |
 Mild (37.7 °C–38.0 °C) | 6.2(2.4–11.2) | 0% | 0.54 | 20.8(15.5–26.5) | 23% | 0.21 |
 Moderate (38.1 °C–39.0 °C) | 19.1(13.0–25.9) | 17% | 0.30 | 15.1(7.0–24.9) | 60% | < 0.01 |
 High (39.1 °C-) | 54.7(0.0–1.0) | 96% | < 0.01 | 5.9(2.7–9.8) | 0% | 0.48 |
 Cough | 61.5(23.2–93.7) | 81% | < 0.01 | 40.2(33.7–46.8) | 73% | < 0.01 |
 Expectoration | 14.3(0.0–51.7) | NA | NA | 1.3(0.0–3.9) | 44% | 0.03 |
 Pharyngeal erythema | 38.1(3.9–80.0) | 84% | < 0.01 | 2.3(0.0–10.7) | 80% | < 0.01 |
 Sore throat | 0.0(0.0–0.0) | 0% | 0.56 | 6.2 (1.4–13.0) | 91% | < 0.01 |
 Rhinorrhea | 4.9(1.5–9.5) | 0% | 0.45 | 3.8 (0.0–11.6) | 93% | < 0.01 |
 Stuffy nose | 1.8(0.0–5.4) | 0% | 0.94 | 1.6(0.0–5.1) | 51% | < 0.01 |
 Diarrhea | 4.8(1.4–9.5) | 0% | 0.70 | 4.1(1.4–7.7) | 51% | < 0.01 |
 Vomiting | 14.4(0–52.9) | 83% | < 0.01 | 3.4(1.9–5.1) | 18% | 0.22 |
 Tachypnea/dyspnea | 16.4(1.6–38.6) | 55% | 0.11 | 4.3(2.7–6.1) | 47% | < 0.01 |
 Fatigue/myalgia | 4.5(1.3–9.1) | 0% | 0.65 | 2.6(0.1–6.8) | 75% | < 0.01 |
Laboratory findings | ||||||
 WBC decreased | 39.6(6.6–78.4) | 74% | 0.05 | 8.4(5.2–12.2) | 26% | 0.15 |
 WBC increased | 0.0(0.0–26.8) | NA | NA | 10.7(6.9–15.1) | 0% | 0.62 |
 L decreased | 48.4(0.0–1.0) | 97% | < 0.01 | 8.8(3.0–16.5) | 68% | < 0.01 |
 L increased | 0.0(0.0–26.8) | NA | NA | 16.3(10.5–22.8) | 43% | 0.06 |
 ALT increased | 9.9(5.2–15.5) | 0% | 0.57 | 4.2(1.4–8.0) | 41% | 0.06 |
 AST increased | 33.4(0.0–86.0) | 86% | < 0.01 | 8.9(3.1–16.7) | 60% | < 0.01 |
 LDH increased | 33.3(1.3–76.4) | NA | NA | 21.4(7.8–38.5) | 80% | < 0.01 |
 CRP increased | 45.9(0.0–98.9) | 90% | < 0.01 | 9.6(2.7–19.0) | 76% | < 0.01 |
Radiographic evaluation | ||||||
 Normal | 13.1(7.7–19.3) | 0% | 0.62 | 39.7(29.8–50.1) | 66% | < 0.01 |
 GGO | 30.9(23.6–38.6) | 0% | 0.67 | 38.1(29.1–47.5) | 51% | < 0.01 |
 Consolidation | 0.0(0.0–31.7) | NA | NA | 11.4(1.9–25.3) | 82% | < 0.01 |
 Unilateral compromised | 13.6(3.6–27.3) | 18% | 0.27 | 30.6(23.6–37.9) | 40% | 0.07 |
 Bilateral compromised | 38.0(0.0–98.7) | 90% | < 0.01 | 20.3(7.7–36.0) | 78% | < 0.01 |
Therapy | ||||||
Antiviral treatment | ||||||
 Interferon | 100.0(73.2–100.0) | NA | NA | 59.5(21.5–92.5) | 94% | < 0.01 |
 Lopinavir-ritonavir | 0.0(0.0–26.8) | NA | NA | 28.5(13.6–45.8) | 83% | < 0.01 |
 Ribavirin | 33.3(1.3–76.4) | NA | NA | 2.6(0.4–6.0) | 39% | 0.08 |
 Oseltamivir | 100.0(73.2–100.0) | NA | NA | 6.1(0.0–19.2) | 85% | < 0.01 |
 Arbidor | 0.0(0.0–26.8) | NA | NA | 6.5(0.0–19.3) | 84% | < 0.01 |
 Antibiotics | 100.0(73.2–100.0) | NA | NA | 6.5(0.8–15.2) | 61% | < 0.01 |
 Corticosteroid | 66.7(23.6–98.7) | NA | NA | 0.0(0.0–0.2) | 0% | 1.00 |
 Immunoglobin | 16.7(0.0,58.6) | NA | NA | 0.5(0.0–3.8) | 54% | < 0.01 |
 Mechanic ventilation | 0.0(0.0–1.4) | 0% | 0.96 | 0.0(0.0–0.2) | 0% | 1.00 |
Outcome | ||||||
 Discharged | 90.3(84.7–94.9) | 0% | 0.38 | 82.6(64.4–95.9) | 92% | < 0.01 |
 ICU admission | 0.5(0.0–7.5) | 28% | 0.25 | 0.1(0.0–1.4) | 53% | < 0.01 |
Death | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0 | 0.81 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0% | 0.97 |